where the electrons needed to make a neutral water molecule have come from the external circuit to which the cell is connected. As a result of this reaction, the overall reaction of the cell is just ...

This schematic illustrates how atomic-scale Ni catalysts embedded in a porous graphene matrix address key challenges in Li–O₂ batteries. By simultaneously enhancing cathode reaction kinetics and ...

A new approach to elucidate the operation and control of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cells is being developed. A global reactor engineering approach is applied to PEM fuel cells to ...