Retrial queueing systems represent a class of models in which arriving customers, upon encountering a busy or unavailable server, enter a virtual waiting room—commonly referred to as an orbit—to ...

Markov chains and queueing theory together provide a robust framework for analysing systems that evolve randomly over time. Markov chains describe stochastic processes where the future state depends ...

Queueing networks are stochastic systems formed by interconnected resources routing and serving jobs. They induce jump processes with distinctive properties, and find widespread use in inferential ...