In 1927, J.B.S. Haldane reasoned that the probability of fixation of new beneficial alleles is twice their fitness effect. This result, later generalized by M. Kimura, has since become the cornerstone ...

Brief review of conditional probability and expectation followed by a study of Markov chains, both discrete and continuous time. Queuing theory, terminology, and single queue systems are studied with ...

An animated guide to probability explains how to express probability as fractions and percentages based on the ratio of the number of ways an outcome can happen and the total number of outcomes.

Following 2017, the NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute carried out an experimental web/mail mixed-mode survey using probability sampling from the Basic Resident Register to validate its ...