If you send a signal into one transmission line, some of it can appear on an adjacent transmission line, even when there is no direct connection. The signal from one transmission line couples through ...

Suppose you have an optical lens of some sort onto which you shine a light with a known photonic output. While most of the incident light passes through the lens, some fraction of the light is ...

Developing a power module requires enhanced design and verification methods. Currently, multiple iterations are needed to get the design done. Today, design and manufacturing processes are heavily ...

Signals operating in the radio frequency (RF) realm between 3 kHz to 300 GHz are an inherent part of processing by circuit components within and outside an IC. Linear characteristics of RF circuits ...

As high-speed serial data rates advance beyond 50 Gb/s, conventional logic-emulating non-return-to-zero (NRZ) signaling is being replaced by PAM4, a four-level pulse amplitude-modulation scheme. PAM4 ...

S parameters play a dominant role in high speed PCB simulation and verification. Generation of S parameters is relatively easy at high frequency in comparison to other parameters like Y and Z. In this ...

What are S-parameters? The multiple types of S-parameters beyond the small-signal variety. Using S-parameters, we can represent even the most complex RF device as a simple N-port network. Figure 1 ...