A guide with examples for learning this key idea in options trading Adam Hayes, Ph.D., CFA, is a financial writer with 15+ years Wall Street experience as a derivatives trader. Besides his extensive ...

The total area under the curve must equal 1, representing the fact that the probability of some outcome occurring within the entire range is certain. \[\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}f\left(x\right)dx=1\] ...

A courseware module that covers the fundamental concepts in probability theory and their implications in data science. Topics include probability, random variables, and Bayes' Theorem.

Will Kenton is an expert on the economy and investing laws and regulations. He previously held senior editorial roles at Investopedia and Kapitall Wire and holds a MA in Economics from The New School ...

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Abstract: We discuss the historical perspective of concepts of fuzziness and randomness, with emphasis on fuzzy random variables. We will describe the analysis of the interpretation, modeling, and ...

Here is a table of the values for the cumulative distribution function of the standard normal distribution. These will be used to approximated binomial random variables. Here is another table with ...

Forecasting for any small business involves guesswork. You know your business and its past performance, but you may not be comfortable predicting the future. Using Excel is a great way to perform what ...

Every business has operating expenses — that is, the costs of running the business. These expenses can generally be classified in two ways: Fixed expenses and variable expenses. Understanding the ...