In 1927, J.B.S. Haldane reasoned that the probability of fixation of new beneficial alleles is twice their fitness effect. This result, later generalized by M. Kimura, has since become the cornerstone ...

ABSTRACT There is randomness in both the applied loads and the strength of systems. Therefore, to account for the uncertainty, the safety of the system must be quantified using its reliability. Monte ...

Brief review of conditional probability and expectation followed by a study of Markov chains, both discrete and continuous time. Queuing theory, terminology, and single queue systems are studied with ...

An animated guide to probability explains how to express probability as fractions and percentages based on the ratio of the number of ways an outcome can happen and the total number of outcomes.

We illustrate how recently developed large sequence-length approximations to probabilities of correct phylogenetic reconstruction for maximum likelihood estimation can be used to evaluate experimental ...